Yachtmaster Offshore Theory

1. Using the corrected variation from Question 1 (rounded off to the nearest degree). Calculate the magnetic bearing for each of the following:

a) Off the coast of Maine 305°(T) b) Possession Sound 180°(T) c) Fort Lauderdale 060°(T) d) Pavlof Bay 135°(T) e) Boothbay Harbour 355°(T)

1. Give three causes of deviation commonly found onboard.

1. Convert the following compass courses to True.

Use the variation indicated and the deviation table in the training almanac.

a) Course 340°(C) Variation 10°W b) Course 070°(C) Variation 3°E c) Course 290°(C) Variation 6°W d) Course 010°(C) Variation 14°E e) Course 190°(C) Variation 12°W

1. Give an explanation of ‘dip’ error.

1. Excluding deviation, give three compass errors that you may encounter and explain how you could compensate for them.

How are maritime time zones denoted, and how would a location with standard time one hour ahead of UT be designated?

What is the ISO standard for denoting time zones?

Express the following times in UT (all time zones are given in the maritime system or the abbreviations used within the training exercises and defined on Page 3 of the exercise booklet).

a) 1723 SP DST b) 2000 DST

Using the log extract below, plot the DR at 2020 SPDST.

Using the log extract below, plot the estimated position at 1550 SPDST.

a) Using the log extract below, plot the estimated position at 1425 SPDST.

b) What was the vessel's COG and SOG?

Using the log extract below, plot the estimated position at 1330 TZ- 0100.

a) Using the log extract below, plot the estimated position at 1555 SPDST.

b) What was the vessel's COG and SOG?

1. At 0100, following a long open water passage an EP with a log reading of 110.5 is plotted at 45°37.95’N 006°21.807’W. You estimate the area of uncertainty around the EP has a radius of 5.0M.

a) List the factor that you should take into account when estimating a circle of uncertainty. b) Plot the EP and draw the circle of uncertainty. c) The echo sounder shows a depth reduced to soundings of 30m. How does this depth alter the area of uncertainty? d) A bearing of 099°(M) is plotted to Saint Stephen’s Point light. Plot the bearing and update the EP. Comment on the reliability of the fix, suggest how it could be improved.

1. A fix is plotted during the daytime for a vessel off Gordon’s Bay: The summit on Robens Island in transit with Outer Robens lighthouse. Bearing to Outer stack lighthouse 152°(M)

a) Plot the fix b) Choose another charted object and plot a third position line to enhance the fix c) How did you decide what to use for the third position line?

1. A vessel is approaching Sweetwater Bay at night. To visually monitor progress, bearings have been pre-plotted from Cape Saint Vincent light house out to the 30m contour line off the coast.

a) Starting at 085° and increasing by 10° increments plot the bearings up to 145°. b) Choose another charted feature from which bearings can be drawn in order to create a visual web of bearings. Plot a series of bearings from your chosen charted feature to enable progress towards the destination to be monitored while underway. c) Within the web there is an area where the bearings may become unreliable. Why is this? d) Rather than providing precision a pre-plotted web is more useful for providing a quick reference to a sector. For which of the following might a quick sector reference be useful? i) Navigating a fast powerboat ii) Navigating a yacht beating to windward iii) Navigating a displacement motor vessel iv) Navigating a yacht sailing with a free wind

1. A running fix is plotted from a vessel off Dymond Reef, to Token Rocks lighthouse. 1st bearing 110°(M) 2nd bearing 050°(M) Half hour run between bearings: 155°(C) 4.0M Tidal direction and rate 184°(T) 1.8kn

a) Plot the fix b) Is it necessary for the water track to be plotted from a specific point?

1. A vessel is ½ mile due south of the South Cardinal Mark off Dymond Reef. From this position a course of 235°(C) is maintained for an hour at a boat speed of 8.0kn.

a) Plot the DR position and compare it to a satellite derived position, 45°43.102´N 006°24.439´W, plotted at the same time. b) What distance is there between the DR and the satellite position? Now factor a leeway of 10°, due to a strong southerly wind, and a tidal current of 349° 2.0kn into the plot. c) Plot the EP d) What distance is there between the EP and the satellite position? e) What reason(s) could there be for the difference between the EP and the satellite position?

Complete the following sentences: a) Parallels of... run around the world north and south of the Equator. b) Meridians of... run from pole to pole dividing the world into segments.

a) How many minutes are there to a degree? b) How many minutes of latitude are there to a nautical mile? c) How far is a cable?

When selecting charts it’s important to choose the correct scale for the intended task. Which of these scales, 1:100 000, 1:50 000, 1:25 000, would be suitable for the following? a) Planning a passage from Port Fraser to Port Fitzroy. b) Piloting out of Port Fraser. c) Piloting into Port Fitzroy.

a) Which type of electronic chart, Raster or Vector, enables a navigator to interrogate charted features such as buoys for additional information? b) How are electronic charts typically updated?

Give three examples of the information you would expect to find in a nautical almanac.

How are the following measured on RYA Training Charts? a) Charted depths b) Charted drying heights c) Vertical clearance d) Heights of lighthouse lights.

Match the following descriptions to the chart symbols: a) Wreck, depth unknown, no danger to navigation. b) Wreck showing any part at level of chart datum. c) Kelp. d) Rock awash at level of chart datum. e) Yacht harbour, marina. f) Overfalls, tide rips and races.

Which of the two dangerous rocks (Robinson or Cohen) lying off Cape Woodward would you expect to be visible at chart datum?

Convert the following TRUE bearings to MAGNETIC: a) 020°(T) variation 5°W, b) 130°(T) variation 3°E, c) 185°(T) variation 7°W, d) 000°(T) variation 6°E

Convert the following MAGNETIC bearings to TRUE: a) 090°(M) variation 8°E, b) 150°(M) variation 2°W, c) 225°(M) variation 5°E, d) 005°(M) variation 6°W

Match the descriptions below to the chartwork symbols: a) Fix, b) Water track, c) Dead reckoning, d) Waypoint, e) Ground track, f) Estimated position, g) Tidal set and drift.

Why would it be unwise to rely on compass readings while in position approximately two miles north of Dymond Reef?

Give two possible causes of compass deviation.

When is it advisable to check a compass for deviation? Give two examples.

What is heeling error?

What type of compass is commonly fitted to provide heading information for equipment such as auto-pilots and radar?

Is this type of compass (fluxgate) affected by deviation?

Under which of the following conditions would you expect to encounter the roughest seas? a) Wind blowing with the direction of the tidal stream. b) Wind blowing against the direction of the tidal stream.

What is the meaning of the term 'tidal gate'?

A navigator is planning a passage from Port Fitzroy to Victoria. Which of the following is likely to prove most convenient for obtaining an overview of the tidal streams for the passage? a) Tidal diamonds. b) Tidal stream atlas.

What is the main cause of tides?

During the (approximately) 28 day lunar orbit the interaction between the moon, sun and earth alters. This affects the magnitude of the tides causing spring, neap and intermediate tides. When during the lunar cycle do spring, neap and intermediate tides occur?

The difference between successive high and low waters is known as the range of tide. Which is greater, a spring range or a neap range?

The time at which successive high and low waters occur becomes later day by day. Why is this?

What are the three basic tidal patterns? Give a brief description of each.

Match the following tidal terms to the illustration below.

a) Chart Datum (CD) b) Charted depth (below CD) c) Clearance of bridge (above HAT) d) Depth of water e) Drying height f) Height of light above (above MHWS) g) Height of tide h) Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) i) Mean High Water Neaps (MHWN) j) Mean High Water Springs (MHWS) k) Mean Low Water Neaps (MLWN) l) Mean Low Water Springs (MLWS) m) Neap range n) Spring range

[A cross-section diagram of a coastline showing a lighthouse, a bridge, and a boat. Various vertical measurements are labeled with Roman numerals (i) through (xiv). The diagram includes levels for the seabed, drying banks, chart datum, and various tidal heights up to a bridge and lighthouse.]

Tide tables give the times and heights of high and low water for different ports. The times, which are presented in local zone time, may need to be adjusted if Daylight Saving Time (DST) is being kept during summer. Find the times and heights of high and low water at the following places; adjust for DST if required. Note whether the range is at: mean spring, mean neap or an intermediate point.

a) Victoria In the afternoon / evening of Thursday, 3rd January. b) Victoria In the afternoon / evening of Tuesday, 15th October. c) Victoria In the afternoon / evening of Monday, 25th November. d) Namley Harbour Mid morning to mid afternoon on Wednesday, 24th April. e) Namley Harbour On the morning of Thursday, 5th December f) Namley Harbour On the morning of Sunday, 18th August. g) Colville In the afternoon / evening of Sunday, 28th April h) Colville In the afternoon / evening of Saturday, 23rd November. i) Colville On the morning of Sunday, 4th August.

A tidal curve can be used to find the height of tide between high and low water. Using the appropriate tidal curve find the height of the tide at the following places and note whether the tide is rising or falling.

a) Victoria on Thursday, 3rd January at 1600 UT b) Namley on Sunday, 18th August at 0600 DST c) Colville on Saturday, 23rd November at 1710 Zone -1

Once the height of the tide has been found for a given place and time it can be applied to the chart's datum. This enables navigators to make various essential calculations, for example: predicting what clearance there's likely to be under a moored vessel at low water. Calculating what clearance a vessel is likely to have when using a small craft channel or swashway. Working out the duration of a 'safe clearance' period at the shallow entrance of a harbour.

a) Place: Victoria Date: Saturday, 21st September Time: 1340 DST If a vessel is moored at Victoria in a depth of water of 6.0m at 1340 DST, what will the depth of water at the mooring be at the next low water?

b) Place: Port Fraser Date: Wednesday, 11th September Time: 13:30 DST What clearance will a vessel (draught 1.8m) have as it crosses the 'least depth' area of 0.7m in the Inner Swashway near the entrance to Port Fraser?

c) Place: Namley Harbour Date: Thursday, 24th October Time: 1140 DST At 1140 DST a vessel leaving Namley Harbour passes the tide gauge at the entrance, which shows 2.6m (on the rising tide).

At what time will the vessel need to return to have the same height of tide as it passes the tide gauge again (on the falling tide)?

d) Place: Colville Date: Tuesday 19th November Time: 0800 Zone - 1 What depth of water will there be in Colville Marina (charted depth 3.1m) at 0800 Z - 1 on Tuesday 19th November?

e) Place: Hamilton Sound Date Friday 12th July Time: 1700 SPDST What depth would be found along the 20m contour off Hamilton Sound at 1700 SPDST on Friday 12th July?

f) Place: Port Fitzroy Date Thursday 12th September Time: 2045 SPDST Will Tower Rock (45°39.695´N 005°46.706´W) be covered or uncovered at 2045 SPDST?

Secondary ports although local tide tables may be available for (smaller) secondary ports; almanacs tend to use a system that applies differences to a standard port’s tidal information to arrive at the times and heights for a secondary port. Using the appropriate differences, answer the following secondary port tidal height questions:

a) Place: Endal Marina Date: Saturday, 2nd February Time: 1700 UT What will the height of tide be at Endal Marina on Saturday, 2nd February at 1700 UT? What will the depth of water be over the sill at the entrance to Endal Marina at this time on Saturday, 2nd February?

b) Place: Farlow Date: Friday, 30th August Time: 1340 DST What will the height of tide be at Farlow on Friday, 30th August at 1340 DST? i) What clearance will there be under the rail bridge at this time on Friday, 30th August? ii) What depth of water will there be off the Upper Town Quay at the same time?

c) Place: Parvin Sound Date: Tuesday, 16th July Time: 1800 DST What will the height of tide be at Parvin Sound on Tuesday, 16th July at 1800 DST? At this time on Tuesday, 16th July the crew of a vessel, draught 1.3, are preparing to anchor in Parvin Sound. In what depth of water should the vessel be anchored to ensure a clearance of 2.0m below the keel at the next low water?

d) Place: Port Slade Date: Thursday, 23rd May Time: 1240 SPDST What will the height of tide be at Port Slade on Thursday, 23rd May at 1240 SPDST? At this time on Thursday, 23rd May a vessel approaching Port Slade runs aground on the falling tide. At what time on the rising tide will the vessel re-float?

e) Place: Suzy Bay Marina Date: Wednesday, 26th June Time: 1100 DST What will the height of tide be at Suzy Bay Marina on Wednesday, 26th June at 1100 DST? What will be the depth of water at the shallowest spot (1.2m) between Little Ryes island and the mainland at this time on Wednesday, 26th June? Use the differences for Suzy Bay Marina.

f) Place: Stevenstown Date: Monday, 22nd July Time: 1320 DST What will the height of tide be at Stevenstown on Monday, 22nd July at 1320 DST? If a vessel picked up a mooring off Stevenstown at this time when the depth of water was 5.0m, what would the depth of water be at the next low water?

Which of the following indicates the approach of spring tides? a) A full moon, b) A half moon, c) A new moon

Which of the following would be most likely to cause a lower than predicted tidal height? a) High barometric pressure, b) Strong, prolonged winds blowing into an estuary, c) Low barometric pressure

At 1055 SPDST on Tuesday, 28th May a vessel is in position 45°59.70´N 005°54.56´W. The vessel’s destination is 45°51.77´N 005°49.36´W.

a) What is the magnetic course to steer to the destination? b) How long will it take to reach the destination?

Use [Diamond J] for tidal direction and rate information. Boat speed 6.5kn. No leeway.

At 1845 SPDST on Wednesday, 1st May a vessel is in position 45°59.85´N 005°56.66´W. The vessel’s destination is 45°59.01´N 006°07.65´W.

a) What is the magnetic course to steer to the destination? b) How long will it take to reach the destination?

Use [Diamond J] for tidal direction and rate information. Boat speed 6.0kn. Apply 5° leeway due to a southerly wind.

At 0230 TZ - 0100 on Saturday, 30th March a vessel is in position 45°54.70´N 005°55.43´W. The vessel’s destination is 45°55.26´N 006°04.19´W.

a) What is the compass course to steer to the destination? b) How long will it take to reach the destination?

Use the Tidal Stream Atlas for tidal direction and rate information. Boat speed 6.0kn. Apply 10° leeway due to a northerly wind.

At 0544 SPDST on Wednesday, 18th September a vessel is in position 45°50.56´N 005°48.87´W. The vessel’s destination is 45°46.93´N 005°57.24´W.

a) What is the compass course to steer to the destination? b) How long will it take to reach the destination?

Use [Diamond N] for the first 1/2 hour, then [Diamond P], for tidal direction and rate information. Boat speed 7.5kn. Apply 5° leeway due to a northerly wind.

At 1631 TZ - 0100 on Thursday, 3rd January a vessel is in position 45°48.95´N 006°00.23´W. The vessel’s destination is 45°54.21´N 005°53.92´W.

a) What is the compass course to steer to the destination? b) How long will it take to reach the destination?

Use tidal [A pink diamond containing the letter L] for tidal direction and rate information. Boat speed 12.0kn.

Apply 5° leeway due to a northerly wind.

At 2125 SPDST on Tuesday, 22nd October a vessel entering the Traffic Separation Scheme is in position 46°04.46´N 005°55.32´W. In order to cross the traffic flow at right angles the helmsman is asked to hold a course of 188°(C).

a) Draw a projected EP to estimate where the vessel will exit the TSS, give latitude and longitude. b) What is the estimated COG and SOG? c) How long will it take for the vessel to cross the TSS?

Use tidal [A pink diamond containing the letter J] for tidal direction and rate information. Boat speed 8.0kn.

1 It's not uncommon for observations of currents/tidal streams (made in the vicinity of buoys, beacons etc) to be different to the tabulated information found in sailing directions and almanacs.

a) Would you expect observations of the current/tidal stream in Farlow Channel made in the vicinity of lateral buoys FC1 (46°11.10´N 005°41.15´W) and FC2 (46°11.10´N 005°45.00´) to be the same as the tabulated information given for tidal [a magenta tidal diamond with the letter C inside] (46°11.20´N 005°43.20´.4W). Give the reason for your answer.

b) If a difference between the current/tidal stream found at the buoys and that at the position of the diamond was observed; where would you expect the current to be weaker, close to the buoys or at the diamond's position? Give the reason for your answer.

1. At what time during the afternoon of Friday, 6th December does the current start to ebb out of Namley Harbour? Use the tidal stream atlas.

1. Use the tidal diamonds on Chart 3 to find the direction and rate of the current at the following positions:

i) Diamond A (46°20.5´N 005°50.0´W) on Tuesday, 28th May 0955 - 1055 DST ii) Diamond C (46°11.2´N 005°43.2´W) on Wednesday, 2nd October 1111 - 1211 DST iii) Diamond E (46°10.5´N 006°16.1´W) on Saturday, 8th June 1201 - 1301 DST iv) Diamond H (46°02.1´N 006°17.8´W) on Sunday, 28th April 1526 - 1626 DST v) Diamond K (45°56.0´N 005°42.2´W) on Wednesday, 23rd January 0935 - 1035 UT

1. Use the tidal stream atlas in the almanac to find the overall set and drift due to tidal stream influence during the time periods shown for the following locations:

i) Farlow Channel (46°11.20´N 005°43.20´W) on Tuesday, 26th February 1300 - 1340 UT ii) Off West Point Ledge (46°20.60´N 006°18.40´W) on Friday, 8th March 1715 - 1755 UT iii) Neptune Channel (45°48.20´N 005°45.30´W) on Sunday, 31st March 1430 - 1600 DST iv) Off Hamilton (45°39.60´N 006°18.00´W) on Sunday, 1st September 1505 - 1645 DST

You are planning a route on a paper chart and intend to use a GNSS receiver, which does not have a chart plotter facility, as an aid to navigation.

A vessel navigating in the vicinity of Strongholm Island has 46°21'.03N 5°44'.12W as a GPS waypoint. At 1330 local time the range is given as 3.95nm, and the bearing as 070° (T).

Use RYA Training Electronic Chart Plotter and RYA Training Chart 4.

Which is potentially more dangerous, a log that over-reads or one that under-reads? Give reasons.

When siting a GPS aerial on a vessel should it be placed: a) As low as practicable? b) As high as practicable? Give the reason for your choice.

When using Radar as a pilotage aid, why might it be difficult to identify a narrow harbour entrance from a distance.

When using Radar for navigation, would you place more emphasis on range or bearings? Why?

What are each of the following:

Why is it important for a navigator to practice using aids such as Radar and electronic navigation systems in clear weather and good visibility?

How does a GNSS system attain a fix of its position?

How would you check the accuracy of your echo sounder? Name two methods.

What external factors could affect the reading from an echo sounder? List two.

When testing and setting up an echo sounder, what are the advantages and disadvantages of calibrating the reading to:

A GNSS receiver displays an HDOP reading of 9.

In 2016 a skipper is planning a route from Beaker Bay to Victoria.

1. Import the overlay 'Beaker Bay to Victoria' to show the planned route and then go to the start of the route in Beaker Bay, Synka.

a) Mark the area off Quay Ness between the 10m and 20m contour lines in yellow as a hazard. Name this area 'Off Quay Ness'. b) Mark the overfalls off Huckle Head in red as a danger area. c) Along the route, identify two further areas that could benefit from similar highlighting, and explain the reasons for your choice.

1. To aid monitoring of the route between Synka Fairway precautionary area WPT and Synka Fairway End WPT the skipper plans to use clearing bearings taken from the lighthouse on Leslie Head.

a) Create a clearing bearing from Leslie Head lighthouse through Synka Fairway Precautionary Area WPT and extending beyond the Huckle Head overfalls up to the west of the Synka Fairway End WPT. b) What Magnetic bearing would this be? Use 2016 as the year. c) To ensure the vessel remains to the East of Huckle Head overfalls, would the bearing need to be greater or less than the answer given 12b. d) Create a second back bearing from the Leslie Head lighthouse to show a western limit suitable for avoiding the precautionary area and shipping lanes. e) Mark the area inside the two bearings as a navigable area in green, from the Synka Fairway precautionary area WPT to just past the Synka Fairway End WPT. f) Describe how you would use the two bearings to ensure you stay in the green area.

1. Using the Route Monitor, open each of the NMEA files listed below. Comment on the navigational situation in terms of GNSS reliability, your progress compared to your plan and any action you may take as a result of this information.

NB: Once you have opened the Route Monitor and clicked to play a scenario you will need to open the file relating to each question (numbered accordingly) these should have been downloaded at the beginning of this section however if not, they can be found at: www.rya.gov.uk/go/training.

a) File: YM_ENA2016_Q13a_Simulation or video for Q3a I. HDOP II. XTE III. Number of satellites IV. Quality of position V. Action by skipper

b) File: YM_ENA2016_Q13b_Simulation or video for Q3b I. HDOP II. XTE III. Number of satellites IV. Quality of position V. Action by skipper

c) File: YM_ENA2016_Q13c_Simulation or video for Q3c I. HDOP II. XTE III. Number of satellites IV. Quality of position V. Action by skipper

1. Under SOLAS chapter V, what should be fitted to all vessels (where practicable), regardless of size, in order to improve your visibility to other craft?

Why might an echo sounder fail to give reliable depth readings when in the vicinity of the wash from a large vessel such as a ferry?

a) Which of the following would you expect a basic through-hull log to supply? i) Speed through the water. ii) Speed over the ground. iii) Both.

b) Which is potentially more dangerous: a log which over-reads or one that under-reads? Give reasons.

What advice would you give a newcomer to navigation with regard to best practice (regarding GPS)? List four.

What do the following abbreviations commonly displayed on GPS screens stand for? a) COG b) SOG c) DTW d) BTW e) XTE f) ETA

The display on your GPS receiver shows an HDoP of 1.4, a few minutes later this increases to 3.2. a) To what does the HDoP number refer? b) Which is the more favourable number?

Which of the following is a preferable position to site a GPS aerial? a) Inside a cockpit locker to avoid it getting wet b) High up, on the top of a mast c) Low down, clear of obstructions

Which of the following would be the safest course of action when crossing a channel such as the Neptune Channel in strong cross tide? a) Following a changing GPS bearing to a waypoint. b) Working out a course to steer allowing for the tidal stream and monitoring the course using XTE.

What precautionary checks should be made before relying on a GPS route for navigation?

What sort of electronic chart plotter is likely to be most suitable for installation on board an open boat such as a RIB? a) A dedicated chart plotter with built in GPS receiver. b) A laptop with chart-plotting software connected to a GPS receiver.

Why is it inadvisable to navigate using an electronic chart that has been magnified beyond the scale to which it was originally produced?

To which type of electronic chart, Raster or Vector, do the following apply? a) The chart can be interrogated to reveal extra information about a selected feature. b) The chart is an electronic copy of its paper equivalent. c) Information on the chart is grouped in layers, which can be selected or de-selected. d) The level of detail on the chart changes when zooming in or out.

a) What is the significance of a radar target which remains on a steady bearing while progressing towards the centre of the screen? b) How would the signal from a SART be displayed on a radar screen?

1. A power driven vessel is deemed to be the stand-on vessel. What action should it take, and/or consider, in complying with the collision regulations?

1. In the following situations a risk of collision exists. Explain which vessel(s) should give-way. Why should they give-way? What action they should take?

a) [Diagram showing two sailing vessels. Vessel A is to windward of Vessel B. Wind is blowing from left to right. Both vessels are on a starboard tack.] b) [Diagram showing two power-driven vessels. Vessel A is on the port side of Vessel B and their paths cross.] c) [Diagram showing two sailing vessels. Vessel A is on a port tack. Vessel B is on a starboard tack. Wind is blowing from top to bottom.] d) [Diagram showing two power-driven vessels meeting head-on.]

1. How might you establish if there is a risk of collision when in sight of an approaching vessel?

1. How might you tell if a risk of collision exists when not in sight of an approaching vessel?

1. If you are in any doubt as to whether a risk of collision exists, what should you do?

1. When taking action as give-way vessel, how should any alteration be executed?

1. What can produce a blind arc on a vessel? List three reasons.

1. Having identified likely blind arcs on board a vessel, suggest a step you could take to ensure you can effectively assess a risk of collision?

1. What is the difference between 'shall' and 'may' for the purposes of IRPCS?

1. Suggest two factors you would take into consideration when determining a safe speed?

1. Under what circumstances, if any, is it permissible to make a departure from the IRPCS?

What do the Rules (Collision Regulations) say about keeping a look-out?

Where should the crew of a sailing vessel expect to encounter blind spots when keeping a look-out?

What do the Rules say about the 'right of way' of vessels at sea?

List factors that should be considered when determining a safe speed.

How can you tell if a risk of collision exists when in sight of an approaching vessel?

You are in a situation where a risk of collision exists and you are required by the Rules to give way to the other vessel. At what stage should you take avoiding action?

You are in a situation where a risk of collision exists and you are required by the Rules to give way. At night, how can you help to ensure the action you take is immediately obvious to the crew of the other vessel?

What is the meaning of the following day shape: A black cylinder?

What is the meaning of the following day shape: A black ball over a black diamond over a black ball?

What is the meaning of the following day shape: A single black ball?

What is the meaning of the following day shape: Three black balls in a vertical line?

What is the meaning of the following day shape: A black cone pointing downwards?

What is the meaning of the following day shape: Two black cones, points together (hourglass shape)?

What is the meaning of the following day shape: Two black balls in a vertical line?

You are the skipper of a sailing vessel underway in restricted visibility when you hear the fog signal of an unseen power driven vessel on your bow. What must you do?

When crossing a Traffic Separation Scheme, should your heading or ground track be at right angles to the traffic flow?

You see a vessel displaying a blue and white swallow-tailed flag (International Code Flag 'A'). What does it signify and what action should you take?

What type of vessel is indicated by three red lights in a vertical line above a single white light?

What type of vessel is indicated by a single red light?

What type of vessel is indicated by two white lights in a vertical line, with a third white light to the right; below these are a green light to the left and a red light to the right?

What type of vessel is indicated by two white lights, one higher and to the left of the other?

What type of vessel is indicated by three white lights in a vertical line above and to the left of a single red light?

What type of vessel is indicated by two red lights in a vertical line above and to the left of a single green light?

What type of vessel is indicated by a red light above a white light, above and to the left of a single green light?

What type of vessel is indicated by a green light next to a red light?

Place the following vessels in the order of priority given to them by the IRPCS: a) Power-driven vessel, b) Sailing vessel, c) Vessel constrained by draught, d) Fishing vessel.

At dusk, the skipper of a sailing yacht switches on the masthead tricolour, steaming light, side lights and stern light to make the yacht as visible as possible. Is this permitted by the Rules?

What is the meaning of the sound signal: — • • (One prolonged blast followed by two short blasts)?

What is the meaning of the sound signal: • (One short blast)?

What is the meaning of the sound signal: — — (Two prolonged blasts)?

What is the meaning of the sound signal: • • (Two short blasts)?

What is the meaning of the sound signal: • • • • • (Five short blasts)?

What is the meaning of the sound signal: Bell for 5 seconds?

What is the meaning of the sound signal: — — • • (Two prolonged blasts followed by two short blasts)?

What is the meaning of the sound signal: — (One prolonged blast)?

Give four situations when a sailing vessel on starboard tack would be the give-way vessel.

Which is likely to be preferable when navigating in the vicinity of a major shipping channel: a) For small craft to navigate inside the channel alongside the ships, or b) For small craft to navigate outside the channel where there is sufficient water to do so safely?

1. What type of vessel is indicated by each of the following groups of lights? Give size or probable size; status such as underway, making way, towing etc, and aspect.

a) [Night view showing a vertical line of four lights: white, red, white, red, with a single red light visible to the lower left.]

b) [Night view showing a single white light high, a yellow flashing light in the center, and a single red light to the lower left.]

c) [Night view showing a vertical line of three white lights to the left, a single green light below them, and a single white light to the right.]

d) [Night view showing a green light and a red light side-by-side at the top.]

e) [Night view showing a vertical line of three red lights, with a single white light below them.]

f) [Night view showing a single white light at the top, a green light to the lower left, and a red light to the lower right.]

1. What do the following day shapes indicate?

a) [A black cylinder shape] b) [A blue and white swallow-tailed flag (Alpha)] c) [A black ball shape] d) [Three black balls in a vertical line] e) [A black cone shape pointing downwards] f) [A black ball, a black diamond, and a black ball in a vertical line]

1. What are the meanings of the following sound signals?

a) [Two long dashes] b) [One dot and one dash] c) [Three dots] d) [Five short dots]

1. When must rules concerning shapes be complied with?

1. When must navigation lights be displayed?

What are the light characteristics and nominal ranges for the following lights?

a) Point Victoria LH b) Cape Balshaw LH c) Cape Donne LH d) Saint Stephen’s Point LH

What are the meanings of the following terms?

a) Geographical range b) Luminous range c) Nominal range

A list of lights is an essential source of information.

a) Name six key pieces of information contained in the Admiralty List of Lights b) In what form is the Admiralty List of Lights available? c) How is the Admiralty List of Lights kept up to date? d) Where else can a list of lights be found?

Give the rising/dipping distance for the light on Point Victoria at MHWS for a height of eye of 2.0m.

i) Describe the function of a RACON. ii) How can a RACON be identified?

Describe the following light characteristics: i) Q ii) VQ iii) Fl iv) LFl v) Iso vi) Oc

The skipper of a vessel crossing the 20m contour off Hamilton intends to use the leading lights to aid pilotage through Hamilton Sound.

a) What is the sequence of the two leading lights for this transit b) Which of the following views of the leading lights would indicate that the vessel had strayed to the north of the transit?

[Two diagrams showing leading lights on poles. Diagram i) shows the taller rear light to the left of the shorter front light. Diagram ii) shows the taller rear light to the right of the shorter front light.]

i) ii)

c) Which way would you turn to correct this?

What is the meaning of the international port traffic signal shown below?

[A vertical signal consisting of three lights. The top two lights are green, and the bottom light is white.]

What is the meaning of this chart symbol? [A pink outline of a large arrow pointing upwards, with three small pink circles near the tip.]

a) Which of these chart symbols indicates the lit buoy? [Diagram i: A simple semi-circle symbol over the letters RW. Diagram ii: A detailed pillar buoy symbol with a light flare, the text "Iso." above it and "RW" below it.] b) What is the significance of the letters beneath the buoys?

Which illustration indicates the IALA Maritime Buoyage System Region A? [Diagram i: Shows a red Port Can buoy on the left and a green Starboard Cone buoy on the right of a vessel heading upstream. Diagram ii: Shows a green Port Can buoy on the left and a red Starboard Cone buoy on the right of a vessel heading upstream.]

Which of the following would normally be marked by a yellow special mark? a) Submerged rock b) Water-ski area c) Traffic separation scheme d) Drying wreck e) Racing mark f) Oceanographic buoy

Match the topmarks to the light characteristics. Topmarks: a) two black cones points up b) green cone point up c) red can/cylinder d) two black cones point-to-point e) two black spheres f) two black cones base-to-base g) two black cones points down h) red square/can

Characteristics: i) Fl.R.2.5s ii) VQ(6) + LFl.10s iii) VQ(3)5s iv) Fl(2)5s v) Q(9)15s vi) L.Fl.10s vii) Q.G viii) VQ

Christopher Point Lt Ho has the following characteristics FI(4)WRG.15s87m25-18M. Give an explanation of the abbreviation.

What is the purpose of a buoy coloured red-green-red?

What is the rising/dipping distance of a light with a height of 34m at MHWS for a height of eye of; a) two metres, b) ten metres?

1. A vessel is approaching Jackson Bay from the NW, following a leading bearing 135°(M) on the summit east of Jacksonville.

a) Plot the leading bearing. b) Choose and plot suitable clearing bearings on the summit, to ensure the rocks either side of Jackson Bay are avoided.

1. A vessel is off Avalon Head in calm conditions when visibility descends to approximately ½ mile. Suggest a plan that would enable the vessel to be safely navigated towards Sweetwater Bay.

The plan should include, but does not need to be limited to, the following: a) Choosing a safe contour line that will help to lead the vessel towards Sweetwater. b) Overall distance and key waypoints between Avalon Head and the entrance to Sweetwater Bay.

1. A vessel is to the east of Karle Island (Dymond Reef) at night.

a) Plot a back bearing on Cape Saint Vincent light to enable the vessel to pass safely between Dymond Reef and the mainland while heading southwards. b) Suggest how depth could be used as a backup to ensure the vessel doesn't stray towards the rocky shallows on either side of the passage. c) How would the crew know when the vessel could be turned towards the west?

1. A vessel is anchored in Beauty Bay for the night. Prepare a plan to enable the vessel to depart the anchorage in the dark if required.

The plan should include, but does not need to be limited to, the following: a) A bearing that will safely lead the vessel out of the bay. b) Contingency plans for either heading northwest or southeast through Fiddler's Race.

1. Part one Plan a route from an open water waypoint (46°10.89´N 006°15.15´W) to the approach waypoint for Parvin Sound, found in the training Almanac.

Date: Sunday, 29th September. Starting time: 1020 DST. The plan should include the following: • Key waypoints along the route • Overall distance and individual leg distances • Tidal streams • The approximate passage time • Choose one of the following boat speeds 6kn/12kn/18kn • Allow for the effect of the current • The height of the tide at Parvin Sound for the estimated time of arrival, minus a time period of your choosing to allow for a late or early arrival • Shipping and traffic • Regulations / restrictions / warnings • Hazards on route, include strategies for hazard avoidance.

Part two Draw a pilotage sketch/diagram from the approach waypoint off Parvin Sound to the visitors moorings off Murray Village.

The drawing should include the following: • Visual verification of the approach waypoint’s position • Buoyage/navigation aids through the sound • Key distances and bearings to follow • Safe depths, allow for the height of tide • Hazards/obstructions • The depth of water at the moorings, on arrival and at the next LW

Name the key categories of mark which make up the IALA buoyage system.

Describe three key features that enable navigation marks to be distinguished from each other.

What does this chart symbol signify?

[Diagram of a magenta chart symbol consisting of a slanted rectangle with a small circle at the top and a small circle to the side, representing a buoy with a light]

Below are two extracts from the training charts. Identify which IALA system each is using.

[Two side-by-side nautical chart extracts: i) A chart showing "SLADE ISLAND" with buoyage markings including Port Slade and Linards Point. ii) A chart showing "Quaker Island" and "Quarantine Bay" with various lateral and cardinal buoyage markings.]

i) ii)

Identify which buoy you could expect to see with the following topmark shapes. Describe the following for each of the marks.

i) Colour(s) and shape of the buoy ii) Colour(s) and sequence of the light iii) The purpose of the buoy

a) [Two black cones pointing up] b) [Red square] c) [Two black cones pointing down] d) [Red triangle] e) [Red circle] f) [Two black cones pointing away from each other/points out] g) [Two black cones pointing towards each other/points in] h) [Two black spheres] i) [Yellow upright cross] j) [Yellow diagonal cross/X]

a) What is the purpose of a preferred channel mark? b) How is a preferred channel mark identified in the daytime: i) in an IALA ‘A’ region? ii) in an IALA ‘B’ region? c) What is the light sequence of a preferred channel mark: i) in an IALA ‘A’ region? ii) in an IALA ‘B’ region?

When following a pilotage plan, where should the skipper be?

a) Below deck at the chart table in order to work out the plan as the vessel proceeds. b) On deck with pre-planned pilot notes and a basic pilotage sketch to hand.

A RIB is approaching a harbour where leading lights have been installed to aid pilotage. Which diagram indicates:

a) The RIB is on course? b) The RIB is too far to port?

(Diagram i: front light is to the left of the rear light. Diagram ii: the lights are vertically aligned. Diagram iii: front light is to the right of the rear light.)

The crew of a vessel approaching a marina lock have been asked by the skipper to look out for the International Port Traffic Signals at the entrance. What are the meanings of the following lights?

a) Three vertical red lights b) Three vertical green lights c) Two vertical green lights above a white light

1. Look at the shipping forecast issued on the 7th August.

   a) What time was it issued? b) What time period does it cover?

1. Using the Synoptic Charts for the 7th August, what weather feature is expected to pass over the sea area, Bridge between 0900 and 1200?

1. A vessel in the Northern Territories on the 7th August has access to synoptic charts, a GFS based weather app, and the shipping forecast.

   a) How does the shipping forecast describe the sea state for the Bridge sea area, between 0900 and 1800? b) What wave height does that equate to in meters? c) Is that the maximum wave height you could expect to encounter? Explain your answer? d) Using the live observations for the ODAS buoy off Stubbington, what actual wave height was observed between 1200 and 1800? e) Using the Analysis MSLP Synoptic chart, what is the measured wind speed in this area? f) Using the GFS model, at 1200hrs on 7th August, what is the predicted: i) Wind speed? ii) Gust speed? g) Using the live observations for the ODAS buoy off Stubbington, what was the highest gust recorded between 1200 and 1800? h) Why might you expect a live wind observation to differ from the forecast? i) Based on the data extracted above, and using the Beaufort Scale; i) Does the wave height fall within the range for the actual wind speed? ii) What could be the reason for any differences?

1. Consider the following sources of weather information. In each case comment on: a) How might teach source be accessed b) How suitable is each source for: • Short, medium or long-term planning • Navigational decisions for short local passages • Navigational decisions for extended offshore passages i) GRIB files ii) Shipping forecasts iii) Inshore waters forecast iv) Synoptic charts v) Maritime Safety Information Broadcasts

1. Looking at the GFS model based data for the 7th August:

   a) At what time does the wind begin to decrease? b) Would you expect it to reduce at that exact time? Explain your answer.

1. A vessel immediately north of the Southern Peninsula is interpreting the analysis charts for the 7th August:

a) What would they expect to happen to their observed pressure throughout the day? b) The vessel observes their barometer drop from 1019 at 0400DST to 1016 at 0730DST. i) Is this change as expected? ii) What does this suggest? iii) What features could they expect to see in the next four hours?

1. Clouds (list types)
2. Precipitation (yes/no)
3. Temperature (change)
4. Wind (direction and strength)

1. Look at the synoptic chart for the 7th August?

a) What would you expect the predominant wind direction in the Bridge sea area to be? b) What would be the approximate wind strength?

1. You are navigating in the vicinity of the small bay shown on the chartlet below, in a vessel with a draught of 1.6m. The bay was last surveyed in 1908, and there is insignificant tidal movement in this area. Standard pressure is 1013mb.

[A color chartlet showing a coastline with a bay. There are depth soundings of 5.5 and 2.2 marked at the entrance. A large white arrow labeled WIND points towards the northeast, blowing directly into the bay entrance.]

a) What is the minimum depth you would expect to encounter when entering the harbour? Would this provide clearance below your keel? b) The wind direction shown has been consistent for the preceding 10 days, with speeds ranging from 12-30kts, and on the day in question is consistently 25kts. What effect would you expect this to have on the depth of water? c) Your barometer shows a pressure of 1026mb. Based on a standard pressure of 1013mb, what difference could this make to the depth of water? d) With the combination of wind direction and strength, and barometric pressure, would you consider this harbour suitable for entry by your vessel?

1. A vessel appraising a passage from Victoria to Stubbington Bay on the 7th August has access to the shipping forecast, and the inshore waters forecast.

a) Do the two forecasts show the same wind speed? b) Which forecast is more relevant for the intended passage? Explain your answer. c) Which forecast should the skipper use when proceeding to plan and execute the passage?

1. Using the weather maps below, estimate the wind strength (light, moderate or strong) and the direction you would expect at the marked positions.

Northern Hemisphere

[a) Map of Europe/North Atlantic showing a Low pressure system with closely spaced isobars. A red 'x' is marked to the south of the center.] [b) Map of Europe/North Atlantic showing a High pressure system with widely spaced isobars. A red 'x' is marked to the southwest of the center.] [c) Map of Europe/North Atlantic showing a High pressure system to the west and a Low pressure system to the northeast. A red 'x' is marked between them over the English Channel.]

Southern Hemisphere

[d) Map of Australia/New Zealand showing a Low pressure system with moderately spaced isobars. A red 'x' is marked to the west of the center near the Australian coast.] [e) Map of Australia/New Zealand showing a High pressure system with closely spaced isobars. A red 'x' is marked to the southeast of the center over New Zealand.] [f) Map of Australia/New Zealand showing two Low pressure systems. A red 'x' is marked between the two centers.]

1. Describe the conditions under which the following are likely to occur:

a) Radiation fog. b) Advection fog. c) What actions might a skipper, receiving a fog forecast whilst at sea, decide to take? List three.

1. a) Describe a cumulonimbus cloud. b) During which phase of a frontal system do these generally occur? c) What would you expect to happen as they pass overhead? d) What effect is this likely to have on visibility? e) What actions might the skipper take to remain compliant with the collision regulations? List two.

1. You sight the following cloud pattern forming along the edge of the land, on a warm summer’s day.

[A color photograph looking across a body of water toward a shoreline. Small, white, fluffy cumulus clouds are forming in a line directly over the land, while the sky over the water remains mostly clear.]

a) Identify this cloud type. b) What is likely to have caused them to form?

1. After a prolonged period of strong westerly winds, what sea conditions should be expected across the bar at the entrance to Sweetwater Bay (on the Southern Peninsula) near LW?

1. What effect can a pressure greater than standard have on the depth of water?

1. A vessel observes a fall in barometric pressure (7mb over three hours), accompanied by the wind backing to the south, and the high cirrus clouds beginning to thicken.

a) What does this suggest is happening? b) What type of clouds are likely to develop? c) Is precipitation expected? d) What is likely to happen to visibility in the coming hours?

1. A vessel plans to anchor in Bramhope Creek for the night. During the appraisal the navigator consults the passage information and Bramhope Creek information in the training Almanac.

a) What significant weather feature should they identify? b) Which wind direction is likely to increase this? c) Describe how this phenomena occurs.

1. What weather observations might a skipper ask to have regularly recorded in the ship's log? List three.

1. With regards to weather, produce a set of criteria you would incorporate into your standing orders, for which you would like your crew to wake you up.

Match the following wind speeds: (i) 1-3kn, (ii) 4-6kn, (iii) 7-10kn, (iv) 11-16kn, (v) 17-21kn, (vi) 22-27kn, (vii) 28-33kn, (viii) 34-40kn to the descriptions:

a) Light breeze, small wavelets b) Fresh breeze, moderate waves, many white crests c) Strong breeze, large waves, white foam crests d) Near gale, sea heaps up, spray, breaking waves, foam blows in streaks.

Which of the following changes in barometric pressure would you expect to indicate strong winds? a) Rise of 8mb in the past 3 hours b) Fall of 3mb in the past 3 hours c) Fall of 8mb in the past 3 hours

A yacht is running before a brisk easterly wind at the edge of a shallow depression in the Northern Hemisphere. According to Buys Ballot's Law where is the low situated; north, south, east or west of the vessel?

Under what conditions are the following most likely to occur? a) Land (radiation) fog. b) Sea (advection) fog.

Under what conditions would you expect a sea breeze to develop?

a) Within a frontal depression, where would you be most likely to encounter towering cumulonimbus clouds? b) What wind conditions would you expect beneath this kind of cloud?

A channel of water has wind blowing along the shore. Shore 'A' is to the left of the wind direction, and Shore 'B' is to the right. With regard to coastal convergence and divergence, along which shore would you expect to find the strongest breeze, A or B?

What indicates where the strongest winds are within a weather map?

1. Regulation 34 of SOLAS V concerns voyage or passage planning. Must a pleasure vessel that is intending to proceed to sea have a passage plan? If so, must it be a written plan?

1. What sort of information could be contained in a vessel's Logbook? List at least three possible headings.

1. What is the difference between a Flag State and a Port/Coastal State?

1. Can you be prosecuted by your Flag State for a breach of IRPCS committed whilst in a different port state's water?

1. A 10m vessel, draught 1.8m, with a target boat speed of 6kts is considering a passage from Hamilton to Dawson Harbour on Sunday, 15th September. Weather forecast: Wind W F4-5, visibility good to moderate, occasional showers.

a) Start to appraise the voyage further by establishing: i) HW & Range at Victoria ii) HW Hamilton iii) HW Dawson iv) Distance v) Departure time, Hamilton vi) ETA, Dawson vii) Tidal Gates and Hazards on Route

b) While monitoring the passage, if the need for a safe refuge arises, which of the following options would be viable? Give the reasons for your choices. i) Returning to Hamilton ii) Anchoring behind (east of) Dymond Reef iii) Diverting to Sweetwater Bay iv) Anchoring in Jackson Bay v) Diverting to Sandquay

1. When appraising a passage would you seek to make landfall during the day, or night? Give reasons.

1. What effect would you expect a strong wind going against a strong current to have on the sea state?

1. What consumables and stores may need to be augmented prior to a voyage? List two.

1. A vessel on passage is using an electronic chart plotter for visual confirmation that the route is being followed. How else could the status and position of the vessel be verified? Describe one method.

1. The SOLAS V regulations make it a requirement for all vessels to have a passage plan. List the four key stages of voyage planning and the factors you need to take into account.

1. What regulations must vessels from the Northern Territories and Southern Peninsula adhere to when travelling to and from the Neptune Islands?

1. A 12m twin engine displacement motorboat, draught 1.4m, air draught 4.0m, with a target boat speed of 15kn is appraising a voyage from Bramhope Creek to Farlow River, on Tuesday 28th May. Weather forecast: Wind NW F5 veering N3, visibility good, occasional showers.

a) When appraising this passage, what must be considered with regard to the crew? b) Continue the appraisal by establishing the: i) Distance ii) Departure time Bramhope Creek iii) ETA Farlow River iv) Tidal gates/tidal height constraints and hazards on route c) Due to swell at the entrance, the skipper would like 2.0m clearance below the keel when crossing the 0.7m Bramhope Bar. At what time in the morning will the vessel be able to cross Bramhope Bar with the required clearance? d) Is this the earliest, or the latest time the vessel can cross the bar that morning? e) On arrival at Farlow River a 1.0m clearance above the vessel's superstructure is wanted when passing under the rail bridge on route to the upper Town Quay. Based on the arrival time produced earlier, will the boat be able to proceed directly to the upper Town Quay with the required clearance? f) During what time window is the bridge inaccessible? g) Using the appraisal notes you have created, produce a berth to berth passage plan, which includes i) Waypoints ii) Minimum depths for each leg iii) Cross track error limits for each leg iv) Hazards on each leg v) Features and fix confirmation opportunities on each leg h) Prior to executing the voyage, the skipper makes a final assessment of the weather. The wind is steady at the lower end of a Force 6. Does this match the forecast? i) The skipper decides to note the greater than forecast wind, and continue to execute the passage. What factors might he have considered? j) In light of this how might the skipper change the information recorded in the log? k) Mid-passage, one engine is showing a fault causing them to reduce speed. The skipper projects forward, and estimates the overall voyage to be delayed by 35 minutes. What will be the key impact of this?

The SOLAS V regulations require that passage plans are made and that a number of important factors are taken into account before departure. Give a brief summary of what should be included in a passage plan with regard to the following: a) Weather, b) Tides, c) The vessel, d) The crew, e) Navigational dangers, f) Contingency plans, g) Contacts ashore.

What regulations must foreign vessels arriving in the Neptune Islands conform to?

1. What is the significance of referring to compulsory carriage in terms of vessels? Give an example of a compulsory carriage vessel.

1. Describe the role of a national marine accident investigation organisation. Name one.

1. When executing a voyage: a) Why is it important to let someone ashore know your intentions? b) Give a few examples of how this may be done. c) What sort of information would it be prudent to give your shore side contact? List two.

1. When navigating in an area of restricted visibility, a skipper assesses the risk and likelihood of a number of scenarios. What factors would the skipper take into consideration in deciding whether their crew should clip on or not.

1. Do the effects of leeway tend to be more pronounced at higher or lower speeds?

1. a) List three factors that contribute to leeway on a vessel? b) What would you expect to experience greater leeway; a long keeled narrow hull cruising yacht, or a large motor cruiser with shallow draught and a high freeboard if travelling at similar speeds? c) Are the effects of leeway significant enough that you should normally consider them into your planning? d) How can a skipper improve the accuracy of the leeway figures used in their calculations?

1. Which factors can improve a vessels stability? List three.

1. Is the alert generated by a Personal AIS beacon detected at an onshore receiving station, or by receivers within a certain range?

1. Is an AIS SART suitable for attaching to a lifejacket as a personal distress alerting device?

1. How does an EPIRB send a distress alert? What range does it have?

1. What are the key differences between an EPIRB and a PLB (Personal Locator Beacon) which uses the same system as an EPIRB?

1. What pattern would you expect a SART to produce on a radar screen?

1. Name ten internationally recognised distress signals?

1. Is it currently possible to replace Pyrotechnic Distress flares with electronic/laser equivalents, on vessels for which carriage is compulsory?

1. On which VHF channel should a Distress Call and Message (Mayday) be sent?

a) Write out the format of a distress call and message.

1. When preparing your vessel for evacuating a casualty by helicopter transfer, what sort of things might a prudent skipper do? List three.

1. a) What factors should you consider when purchasing a fire extinguisher for your vessel? b) Aside from extinguishers and blankets, what other precautions could you take to aid in extinguishing or limiting fires on board? List three.

What should a new crewmember (sailing for the first time) be advised about the following? a) Clothing. b) Preventing seasickness.

a) Give a brief description of the features you would consider desirable in a modern lifejacket. b) Is it advisable for a small child to use a lifejacket designed for an adult?

a) List three causes of fire onboard. b) What types of fire extinguisher are commonly available for Small Craft? c) Where should fire extinguishers be located? d) How should an engine room fire be fought?

a) How should gas bottles be stowed onboard? b) What should be done in the event of a gas leak?

What type of flare (pyrotechnic) would you use in the following situations? a) Signalling distress when offshore, out of sight of other vessels. b) Warning another vessel of a risk of collision. c) Pinpointing position within sight of a rescuer. d) Indicating position to a helicopter during daytime. e) Searching for a MOB at night.

You are onboard the motor vessel Incendie, which is fitted with a DSC VHF radio (MMSI 233123456). When in position four miles east of Cape Balshaw you discover an engine fire which is uncontrollable. While the other two members of the crew prepare to launch the liferaft, you have time to send a distress alert and message. a) Write down the voice message you would send. b) What are the benefits of having a VHF radio incorporating DSC? c) What term should be used when sending an urgency message rather than a distress call?

In the event of having to take to the liferaft, what procedures should be followed: a) Before launching? Give three. b) On boarding? Give three. c) On the arrival of rescuers? Give three.

What information would you include when briefing the crew of a Small Craft waiting for the arrival of a SAR helicopter?

What should you do on seeing someone fall overboard? Give three actions.

a) What is meant by the term ‘angle of vanishing stability’ (AVS)? b) Which of the following types of vessel is likely to have a greater AVS? i) A beamy, light displacement vessel with a high volume hull and shallow draught. ii) A narrow, heavy displacement vessel with a low volume hull and deep draught. c) Why is it important to avoid being caught beam on to large breaking waves?

List six internationally recognised distress signals other than transmitting a MAYDAY or using flares.

What is the requirement with regard to fitting radar reflectors on Small Craft?

What information is included in the Coastguard’s maritime safety information broadcasts?

1. What certificates would you expect to have on board a vessel relating to the carriage of a maritime radio?

1. What precautions should be taken to protect the environment when applying antifouling paint?

1. What precautions could you take when refuelling a vessel to avoid fuel spills? List two.

1. If you take a UK Flagged Vessel (for which holding tanks are not required) abroad, can the foreign flag state insist you have a holding tank whilst in their waters?

a) Under what circumstances would you instruct your crew to wear: i) Lifejackets? ii) Harness?

b) Which of the following are suitable to attach a safety line? i) Jackstays ii) Sheets iii) D rings iv) Guardrails

c) When going on deck is it advisable for a crewmember to clip onto the windward or leeward side of a yacht? Give the reason.

a) List three items of equipment that should be carried onboard a tender. b) What advice would you give with regard to loading a tender? c) Is it advisable to wear a lifejacket when using a tender?

Which of the following knots can be untied while under load: Round turn and two half hitches, Bowline, or Sheet bend?

Two vessels are anchored under calm conditions in a depth of three metres. Vessel A uses an all-chain rode. Vessel B uses a combination of chain and rope warp.

a) What is the minimum recommended length of chain needed for vessel A? b) What is the minimum recommended length of chain and warp for vessel B? c) What type of rope should be used for an anchor warp?

Give a brief description of the characteristics of the following anchors:

a) CQR or Plough b) Bruce c) Danforth d) Fishermans

a) Suggest three factors that should be considered when selecting an anchorage. b) Once anchored what visual check should be made to ensure that the boat is not dragging? c) What problem may be encountered if a deep keeled yacht is anchored in the vicinity of a shallow draught motor cruiser?

a) What precautions should be taken in order to protect the environment with regard to antifouling paint? b) Give three suggestions of how to manage garbage while at sea. c) Why is it considered to be good practice to isolate the area below the engine from the other areas of the bilge?